Knowing the best time to plant your citrus tree is the first step to a successful harvest in Arizona’s unique climate. The answer to when to plant citrus trees in Arizona centers on avoiding our extreme summer heat and occasional winter frost.
Getting the timing right gives your new tree’s roots a chance to establish without the stress of temperature extremes. This simple choice sets the stage for years of healthy growth and plentiful fruit.
When to Plant Citrus Trees in Arizona
The ideal planting windows are in the spring and fall. For most of Arizona, especially the low desert regions, early spring (March through April) and early fall (September through October) are perfect.
Spring planting allows the tree to settle in before the brutal summer arrives. Fall planting gives it months of mild weather to grow roots before any potential winter chill. Avoid planting in the peak summer heat (June-August) or during the coldest part of winter (December-January).
Why Timing is Everything in the Arizona Desert
Our climate presents two main challenges for new trees: scorching heat and occasional frost. A newly planted tree has a limited root system that struggles to pull enough water from the soil during 110°F days. This leads to rapid dehydration and sunburn on the trunk and branches.
On the other hand, a young, tender tree is more susceptible to frost damage. A sudden cold snap in December or January can harm or even kill a tree that hasn’t had time to harden off. Planting during the temperate shoulder seasons avoids both of these dangers.
Spring vs. Fall Planting: A Quick Comparison
Each season has its slight advantages. Here’s what to consider:
Spring Planting (March – April)
* Pros: The tree gets a full growing season to establish before its first winter. You’ll often see more initial top growth (leaves and branches).
* Cons: You must be vigilant about watering as temperatures rise quickly into summer. There’s a shorter window to get it in the ground before it gets too hot.
Fall Planting (September – October)
* Pros: Soils are still warm, which encourages root growth, while air temperatures are cooling. Reduced heat stress means less frequent watering than a spring-planted tree facing summer. It’s often considered the best time for root establishment.
* Cons: The tree must face winter while still young. You’ll need to be prepared to protect it if a severe frost is forecasted.
For most gardeners, fall is the prefered choice if you can find a good selection of trees at your local nursery.
Step-by-Step Guide to Planting Your Citrus Tree
Once you’ve chosen your time, follow these steps for success.
1. Choose the Right Tree and Location
Select a healthy tree from a reputable local nursery. Look for vibrant leaves and a strong graft union. For location, citrus need:
* Full sun: At least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight daily.
* Excellent drainage: This is critical. Avoid any spot where water pools.
* Space: Consider the mature size. Most standard citrus need 15-20 feet apart; dwarfs need 8-10 feet.
* Protection: A south-facing wall can provide warmth in winter and some afternoon shade in summer.
2. Prepare the Planting Hole
How you dig the hole is more important than you might think.
* Dig a hole 3-5 times wider than the tree’s root ball. The depth should be the same height as the root ball or even an inch or two shallower.
* Do not amend the backfill soil with compost or potting mix. In our dense desert soil, this creates a “bathtub effect,” where water refuses to leave the nice, soft hole. Use only the native soil you dug out.
* Roughen the sides of the hole to help roots penetrate.
3. Plant the Tree Correctly
* Gently remove the tree from its container. Loosen any circling roots.
* Place the tree in the hole so the top of the root ball is level with or slightly above the surrounding ground. The graft union (the bump near the base) must remain well above the soil line.
* Backfill with the native soil, firming it gently as you go to remove air pockets.
* Build a 3-4 inch high soil berm around the edge of the hole to form a watering basin.
4. Water and Mulch Deeply
* Water thoroughly immediately after planting to settle the soil. Fill the basin, let it drain, and fill it again.
* Apply a 3-4 inch layer of organic mulch (wood chips, shredded bark) over the entire basin area. Keep the mulch a few inches away from the tree trunk to prevent rot.
* Stake the tree only if it is in a very windy location; otherwise, it’s usually not necessary.
Caring for Your Newly Planted Citrus Tree
The first year is all about consistent care to encourage deep roots.
Watering Schedule:
* Weeks 1-2: Water every 2-3 days.
* Weeks 3-12: Water deeply 1-2 times per week.
* After 3 months: Water deeply every 7-14 days, depending on season and soil. The goal is to encourage roots to seek water deep in the ground.
* Always check soil moisture a few inches down before watering.
Fertilizing:
* Wait until you see new growth (usually 4-6 weeks after planting) before applying fertilizer.
* Use a specialized citrus fertilizer according to label instructions. A typical schedule is to feed 3 times per year: Valentine’s Day, Memorial Day, and Labor Day.
Frost Protection:
For fall-planted trees or unexpected cold snaps:
* Cover the entire tree with a frost cloth or blanket, securing it to the ground.
* String old-fashioned incandescent Christmas lights (which emit heat) in the branches before covering.
* Ensure the soil is moist before a frost event, as wet soil retains heat better.
Common Mistakes to Avoid
* Planting too deep: This is the number one killer. Keep the root flare above grade.
* Over-amending the soil: Stick with native soil for backfill.
* Overwatering or underwatering: Learn to read your soil and your tree’s leaves.
* Fertilizing at planting: This can burn new roots. Wait.
* Ignoring the graft union: If suckers grow from below it, remove them promptly.
FAQ: Planting Citrus in Arizona
What is the best month to plant citrus trees in Phoenix?
For Phoenix and the low desert, aim for mid-February through April for spring planting, or late September through October for fall planting.
Can I plant citrus in the summer in Arizona?
It is not recommended. The extreme heat places immense stress on a new tree, requiring constant watering and offering a high risk of failure. If you must, be prepared to provide afternoon shade and meticulous daily care.
What are the best citrus trees to grow in Arizona?
Many varieties thrive! Some popular, reliable choices include:
* Oranges: Washington Navel, Valencia
* Grapefruit: Rio Red, Star Ruby
* Lemons: Improved Meyer, Eureka
* Limes: Bearss (Persian) Lime
* Mandarins: Gold Nugget, Tango
How often should I water a newly planted citrus tree?
Frequency changes with the seasons. In the heat of May, you might water a new tree twice a week. In the cool of November, once every 10 days may be plenty. Always base it on soil moisture, not a fixed calendar schedule.
Do I need to protect my citrus tree from the sun?
Yes, especially the trunk. Paint the lower trunk with a 50/50 mix of white latex paint and water to reflect sun and prevent sunscald, a common problem for young trees in our intense sun.
Choosing the right time to plant your citrus tree is the most important gift you can give it. By following these guidelines for Arizona’s spring and fall windows, you provide a gentle entry into our harsh environment. With proper planting technique and consistent first-year care, your tree will develop a strong, deep root system. This foundation allows it to withstand our summer heat and winter chills, leading to a resilient tree that will reward you with beautiful blossoms and bountiful fruit for many years to come. Remember, patience and good timing in the begining pays off with a healthier, more productive tree.