Knowing the best planting times for alfalfa in Texas is the single most important factor for a successful stand. If you get the timing right, you give your crop the best chance to establish strong roots before facing the state’s extreme weather.
This guide will walk you through the regional calendars, soil prep, and simple steps to get your alfalfa off to a thriving start. Let’s look at the windows that work with Texas’s unique climate, not against it.
When to Plant Alfalfa in Texas – Best Planting Times For
Texas is a big state with several major climate zones. Because of this, there is no single perfect calendar date for planting alfalfa. The best time depends almost entirely on where your farm or field is located. Planting at the right time for your region allows the seedlings to grow a deep root system before the stress of summer heat or winter cold sets in.
Core Principle: The goal is to plant when soil temperature and moisture conditions favor rapid germination and growth, allowing 6-8 weeks of good growth before a major stress period (summer or winter).
Understanding Texas Alfalfa Regions
For simplicity, we can break Texas into three primary zones for alfalfa planting. These are general guides; always consult with your local county extension agent for hyper-local advice.
North Texas & Panhandle:
This region experiences colder winters and a shorter growing season. The primary planting window here is late summer to early fall. Aim for mid-August through mid-September.
* Why Fall Planting? This timing lets the alfalfa establish in the warm soil of late summer and grow through the mild fall. It becomes dormant over winter and is ready for explosive growth in early spring, avoiding the summer heat at its most vulnerable stage.
* Spring Planting Risk: Spring planting (March-April) is possible but risky. Seedlings must immediately endure the intense summer heat and drought, which often leads to stand failure.
Central Texas & Hill Country:
This area offers more flexibility with two distinct planting windows. The primary window is fall (September to early October). A secondary window is late winter/early spring (February to mid-March).
* Fall Advantage: Similar to North Texas, fall planting gives the crop a long, cool period to establish. It’s generally the most reliable method.
* Spring Option: If you miss the fall window, a late winter planting can work. The key is to plant as early as soil can be worked so roots develop before the late-spring heat arrives.
South Texas & Coastal Plains:
With mild winters and long growing seasons, the best planting times for alfalfa here are fall and winter. You can plant from October through February.
* Winter Planting Logic: The lack of hard freezes allows for slow but steady growth all winter. This means the alfalfa is well-established and ready to handle the early summer heat. Avoid planting in the peak summer months, as establishment irrigation demands are high and seedling loss is common.
Step-by-Step Pre-Planting Checklist
Before you put a single seed in the ground, proper preparation is non-negotiable. Alfalfa requires well-drained soil and specific nutrient balances to succeed.
1. Soil Test (Do Not Skip This):
* Take soil samples 3-6 months before planting.
* This tells you exactly what your soil needs. Alfalfa is particular about soil pH and fertility.
2. Adjust Soil pH:
* Alfalfa thrives in a soil pH of 6.5 to 7.5. Texas soils often trend acidic.
* If your pH is low, you will need to apply lime. This process takes months, so plan ahead.
3. Address Nutrient Levels:
* Based on your soil test, add phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) before planting. These nutrients are crucial for root development and winter hardiness.
* Incorporate them into the seedbed.
4. Prepare a Firm Seedbed:
* Create a fine, firm seedbed. You should be able to walk across it and only sink in about half an inch.
* A firm bed ensures good seed-to-soil contact, which is vital for germination and prevents the tiny seeds from being planted too deep.
How to Plant Your Alfalfa
Once your seedbed is ready and the calendar says “go,” follow these steps.
Seed Selection:
* Choose a variety proven for your Texas region. Look for traits like disease resistance (e.g., bacterial wilt) and good heat tolerance.
* Always use fresh, high-quality seed with a high germination rate. Don’t cut corners here.
Planting Depth:
* This is critical. Plant alfalfa seeds 1/4 to 1/2 inch deep in fine-textured soils. In sandy soils, you can go to 3/4 inch.
* Planting too deep is a common cause of stand failure. The small seedling cannot reach the surface if buried.
Seeding Rate:
* A standard rate is 15 to 20 pounds of pure live seed (PLS) per acre.
* Use higher rates if seeding conditions are less than ideal or if you’re using a broadcast method.
Planting Method:
* Drilling with a grass drill (with a small seed box) is ideal for precise depth and spacing.
* Broadcasting followed by a light harrowing to cover the seed can work but is less consistent.
Post-Planting Care:
* Ensure the seedbed remains moist (not soggy) for germination and early seedling growth. Light, frequent irrigation may be needed if rain is absent.
* Control weeds early. They compete fiercely with young alfalfa for light and water.
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Even experienced growers can make errors. Here’s what to watch out for.
Planting in Weedy Fields: Get weeds under control before you plant. Alfalfa seedlings are poor competitors.
* Ignoring Soil pH: Low pH will stunt your alfalfa and limit nitrogen fixation. The crop will never reach it’s full potential.
* Incorrect Seeding Depth: Again, too deep is a death sentence. When in doubt, err on the shallow side.
* Poor Drainage: Alfalfa roots will not survive in waterlogged soil. Choose a field with good internal drainage.
* Planting Too Late in the Season: Missing the optimal window puts immediate stress on the seedlings. It’s better to wait for the next window than to plant late.
Seasonal Care After Establishment
Your job isn’t done after planting. Seasonal care keeps your stand productive for years.
First Year Management:
* Allow the alfalfa to reach at least 10% bloom before the first cutting. This builds root reserves.
* Avoid cutting during the 6-week period before the first killing frost in fall.
Ongoing Maintenance:
* Continue to soil test every 2-3 years to monitor pH and nutrient levels.
* Scout regularly for insect pests like aphids and weevils, which can be problematic in Texas.
* After establishing, alfalfa is quite drought-tolerant thanks to its deep roots, but irrigation during dry spells will maximize yield.
FAQ: Your Texas Alfalfa Questions
Q: Can I plant alfalfa in the spring in Texas?
A: It depends on your region. In North Texas, spring planting is risky. In Central Texas, it’s a viable secondary option if done very early. In South Texas, late winter/early spring is fine. Fall is generally preferred statewide for best results.
Q: What is the best month to plant alfalfa in Central Texas?
A: For Central Texas, the best month is typically September. This gives the crop ideal conditions for fall establishment.
Q: How long does it take for alfalfa to grow in Texas?
A: From planting, you can expect germination in 7-10 days with adequate moisture. The first cutting can often be made in about 60-70 days after planting under good growing conditions, though it’s often recommended to wait longer for the first cut to ensure strong roots.
Q: Is alfalfa hard to grow in Texas?
A: It has specific requirements, but it is not inherently hard if you follow the rules. The keys are: correct planting time for your region, proper soil pH (6.5-7.5), good drainage, and careful seeding depth. Missing any one of these can lead to problems.
Q: Can I plant alfalfa in June or July?
A: It is generally not recommended. The extreme heat and high evapotranspiration rates put tremendous stress on seedlings. Irrigation demands are very high, and weed competition is fierce. Successful summer establishment is challenging.
Getting your alfalfa planting time right in Texas sets the foundation for a productive and persistant stand that can last for several years. By matching your planting schedule to your specific region and focusing on meticulous seedbed preparation, you give your crop the resilience it needs to thrive in the Texas climate. Remember, the little extra effort you put in at the start pays back many times over in yield and stand longevity.